This study looks at the supply chains of the nine technologies below used in the three strategic sectors renewable energy, e-mobility, defence and aerospace. It also attempts to provide a first answer, based on available knowledge and models, to where future challenges lie and how competition for resources may evolve.

• Li-ion battery technology is rapidly being deployed for both e-mobility and energy storage for intermittent electricity generation. The technology is increasingly relevant for defence ap-plications;
• Fuel cells (FCs) are an important en-ergy conversion technology, which together with hydrogen as fuel, will offer a high potential for decarbonisation of the energy system and e-mobility in the future, although large-scale de-ployment has not yet taken place;
• Wind energy is already one of the most cost-effective renewable energy technologies for climate-change mitigation and will remain a growing sector in the EU industrial base;
• Electric traction motors are central components in e-vehicles. Permanent magnet motors containing rare earth elements are particularly efficient and at-tractive for current and future e-mobility applications
• Photovoltaic (PV) technology together with wind energy will lead in the transformation of the global electricity sector; PV panels are also relevant for space applications;
• Robotics is an emerging technology with an increasing role in fu-ture manufacturing, including defence and aerospace, as well as energy technologies and automotive applications;
• Drones (Unmanned aerial vehicles or UAV) are increasingly deployed for both civil and various defence applica-tions;
• 3D Printing (3DP, Additive manufac-turing or AM) will rapidly reshape traditional supply chains and replace conventional manufacturing, in particular in defence and aerospace. It will lead to a significant shift in the amount and types of raw materials and processed materials consumed;
• Digital technologies sustain the enor-mous digital sector enabling all tech-nologies evaluated in this study.